Lambers H, Chapin III F.S. Pons T.L - Plant Physiological Ecology

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• ANNOTATION
• Foreword to Second Edition
• Foreword to First Edition
• Acknowledgments
• Abbreviations
• Contents
• 1 Assumptions and Approaches
• 1. What Is Ecophysiology?
• 2. The Roots of Ecophysiology
• 3. Physiological Ecology and the Distribution of Organisms
• 4. Time Scale of Plant Response to Environment
• 5. Conceptual and Experimental Approaches
• 6. New Directions in Ecophysiology
• 7. The Structure of the Book
• References
• 2 Photosynthesis, Respiration, and Long-Distance Transport
• 1. Introduction
• 2. General Characteristics of the Photosynthetic Apparatus
• 2.1 The "Light" and "Dark" Reactions of Photosynthesis
• 2.1.1 Absorption of Photons
• 2.1.2 Fate of the Excited Chlorophyll
• 2.1.3 Membrane-Bound Photosynthetic Electron Transport and Bioenergetics
• 2.1.4 Photosynthetic Carbon Reduction
• 2.1.5 Oxygenation and Photorespiration
• 2.2 Supply and Demand of CO2 in the Photosynthetic Process
• 2.2.2 Supply of COT Layer Conductances
• 2.2.3 The Mesophyll Conductance
• 3. Response of Photosynthesis to Light
• 3.1 The Light Climate Under a Leaf Canopy
• 3.2 Physiological, Biochemical, and Anatomical Differences Between Sun and Shade Leaves
• 3.2.1 The Light-Response Curve of Sun and Shade Leaves
• 3.2.2 Anatomy and Ultrastructure of Sun and Shade Leaves
• 3.2.3 Biochemical Differences Between Shade and Sun Leaves
• 3.2.4 The Light-Response Curve of Sun and Shade Leaves Revisited
• 3.2.5 The Regulation of Acclimation
• 3.3 Effects of Excess Irradiance
• 3.3.2 Chloroplast Movement in Response to Changes in Irradiance
• 3.4 Responses to Variable Irradiance
• 3.4.1 Photosynthetic Induction
• 3.4.2 Light Activation of Rubisco
• 3.4.3 Post-illumination CO2 Assimilation and Sunfleck-Utilization Efficiency
• 3.4.4 Metabolite Pools in Sun and Shade Leaves
• 3.4.5 Net Effect of Sunflecks on Carbon Gain and Growth
• 4. Partitioning of the Products of Photosynthesis and Regulation by ''Feedback''
• 4.1 Partitioning Within the Cell
• 4.2 Short-Term Regulation of Photosynthetic Rate by Feedback
• 4.3 Sugar-Induced Repression of Genes Encoding Calvin-Cycle Enzymes
• 4.4 Ecological Impacts Mediated by Source-Sink Interactions
• 5. Responses to Availability of Water
• 5.1 Regulation of Stomatal Opening
• 5.2 The A-Cc Curve as Affected by Water Stress
• 5.3 Carbon-Isotope Fractionation in Relation to Water-Use Efficiency
• 5.4 Other Sources of Variation in Carbon- Isotope Ratios in C3 Plants
• 6. Effects of Soil Nutrient Supply on Photosynthesis
• 6.1 The Photosynthesis-Nitrogen Relationship
• 6.2    Interactions of Nitrogen, Light, and Water
• 6.3    Photosynthesis, Nitrogen, and Leaf Life Span
• 7. Photosynthesis and Leaf Temperature: Effects and Adaptations
• 7.1 Effects of High Temperatures on Photosynthesis
• 7.2 Effects of Low Temperatures on Photosynthesis
• 8. Effects of Air Pollutants on Photosynthesis
• 8.1 Biochemical and Anatomical Aspects
• 9. C4 Plants
• 9.1 Introduction
• 9.3 Intercellular and Intracellular Transport of Metabolites of the C4 Pathway
• 9.4 Photosynthetic Efficiency and Performance at High and Low Temperatures
• 9.5 C3-C4 Intermediates
• 9.6 Evolution and Distribution of C4 Species
• 9.7 Carbon-Isotope Composition of C4 Species
• 10. CAM Plants
• 10.1 Introduction
• 10.2 Physiological, Biochemical, and Anatomical Aspects
• 10.3 Water-Use Efficiency
• 10.4 Incomplete and Facultative CAM Plants
• 10.5 Distribution and Habitat of CAM Species
• 10.6 Carbon-Isotope Composition of CAM Species
• 11. Specialized Mechanisms Associated with Photosynthetic Carbon Acquisition in Aquatic Plants
• 11.1 introduction
• 11.2 The CO2 Supply in Water
• 11.3 The Use of Bicarbonate by Aquatic Macrophytes
• 11.4 The Use of CO2 from the Sediment
• 11.5 Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) in Aquatic Plants
• 11.6 Carbon-Isotope Composition of Aquatic Plants
• 12. Effects of the Rising CO2 Concentration in the Atmosphere
• 12.1 Acclimation of Photosynthesis to Elevated CO2 Concentrations
• 12.2 Effects of Elevated CO2 on Transpiration—Differential Effects on C3, C4, and CAM Plants
• 13. Summary: What Can We Gain from Basic Principles and Rates of Single-Leaf Photosynthesis?
• References
• 2B. Respiration
• 1. Introduction
• 2. General Characteristics of the Respiratory System
• 2.1 The Respiratory Quotient
• 2.3 Mitochondrial Metabolism
• 2.3.1 The Complexes of the Electron-Transport Chain
• 2.3.2 A Cyanide-Resistant Terminal Oxidase
• 2.3.3 Substrates, Inhibitors, and Uncouplers
• 2.3.4 Respiratory Control
• 2.4    A Summary of the Major Points of Control of Plant Respiration
• 2.5    ATP Production in Isolated Mitochondria and In Vivo
• 2.5.1 Oxidative Phosphorylation: The Chemiosmotic Model
• 2.5.2 ATP Production In Vivo
• 2.6 Regulation of Electron Transport via the Cytochrome and the Alternative Paths
• 2.6.1 Competition or Overflow?
• 2.6.2 The Intricate Regulation of the Alternative Oxidase
• 2.6.3 Mitochondrial NAD(P)H Dehydrogenases That Are Not Linked to Proton Extrusion
• 3.1 Heat Production
• 3.2 Can We Really Measure the Activity of the Alternative Path?
• 3.3 The Alternative Path as an Energy Overflow
• 3.4 NADH Oxidation in the Presence of a High Energy Charge
• 3.5 NADH Oxidation to Oxidize Excess Redox Equivalents from the Chloroplast
• 3.6 Continuation of Respiration When the Activity of the Cytochrome Path Is Restricted
• 3.7 A Summary of the Various Ecophysiological Roles of the Alternative Oxidase
• 4. Environmental Effects on Respiratory Processes
• 4.1 Flooded, Hypoxic, and Anoxic Soils
• 4.1.1 Inhibition of Aerobic Root Respiration
• 4.1.2 Fermentation
• 4.1.3 Cytosolic Acidosis
• 4.1.4 Avoiding Hypoxia: Aerenchyma Formation
• 4.2 Salinity and Water Stress
• 4.3 Nutrient Supply
• 4.4 Irradiance
• 4.5 Temperature
• 4.6 Low pH and High Aluminum Concentrations
• 4.7 Partial Pressures of CO2
• 4.8 Effects of Plant Pathogens
• 4.9 Leaf Dark Respiration as Affected by Photosynthesis
• 5. The Role of Respiration in Plant Carbon Balance
• 5.1 Carbon Balance
• 5.1.1 Root Respiration
• 5.1.2 Respiration of Other Plant Parts
• 5.2 Respiration Associated with Growth, Maintenance, and Ion Uptake
• 5.2.1 Maintenance Respiration
• 5.2.2 Growth Respiration
• 5.2.3 Respiration Associated with Ion Transport
• 5.2.4 Experimental Evidence
• References
• 2C. Long-Distance Transport of Assimilates
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Major Transport Compounds in the Phloem: Why Not Glucose?
• 3. Phloem Structure and Function
• 3.1 Symplastic and Apoplastic Transport
• 3.2 Minor Vein Anatomy
• 3.3 Sugar Transport against a Concentration Gradient
• 4. Evolution and Ecology of Phloem Loading Mechanisms
• 5. Phloem Unloading
• 6. The Transport Problems of Climbing Plants
• 7. Phloem Transport: Where to Move from Here?
• References
• 3 Plant Water Relations
• 1. Introduction
• 1.1 The Role of Water in Plant Functioning
• 1.2 Transpiration as an Inevitable Consequence of Photosynthesis
• 2. Water Potential
• 3. Water Availability in Soil
• 3.1 The Field Capacity of Different Soils
• 3.2 Water Movement Toward the Roots
• 3.3 Rooting Profiles as Dependent on Soil Moisture Content
• 3.4 Roots Sense Moisture Gradients and Grow Toward Moist Patches
• 4. Water Relations of Cells
• 4.1 Osmotic Adjustment
• 4.2 Cell-Wall Elasticity
• 4.3 Osmotic and Elastic Adjustment as Alternative Strategies
• 4.4 Evolutionary Aspects
• 5. Water Movement Through Plants
• 5.2 Water in Roots
• 5.3 Water in Stems
• 5.3.1 Can We Measure Negative Xylem Pressures?
• 5.3.2 The Flow of Water in the Xylem
• 5.3.3 Cavitation or Embolism: The Breakage of the Xylem Water Column
• 5.3.4 Can Embolized Conduits Resume Their Function?
• 5.3.5 Trade-off Between Conductance and Safety
• 5.3.6 Transport Capacity of the Xylem and Leaf Area
• 5.3.7 Storage of Water in Stems
• 5.4 Water in Leaves and Water Loss from Leaves
• 5.4.1 Effects of Soil Drying on Leaf Conductance
• 5.4.2 The Control of Stomatal Movements and Stomatal Conductance
• 5.4.3 Effects of Vapor Pressure Difference or Transpiration Rate on Stomatal Conductance
• 5.4.4 Effects of Irradiance and CO2 on Stomatal Conductance
• 5.4.5 The Cuticular Conductance and the Boundary Layer Conductance
• 5.4.6 Stomatal Control: A Compromise Between Carbon Gain and Water Loss
• 6. Water-Use Efficiency
• 6.1 Water-Use Efficiency and Carbon- Isotope Discrimination
• 6.2 Leaf Traits That Affect Leaf Temperature and Leaf Water Loss
• 6.3 Water Storage in Leaves
• 7. Water Availability and Growth
• 8. Adaptations to Drought
• 8.1 Desiccation Avoidance: Annuals and Drought-Deciduous Species
• 8.3 Resurrection Plants
• 9. Winter Water Relations and Freezing Tolerance
• 10.    Salt Tolerance
• 11.    Final Remarks: The Message That Transpires
• References
• 4 Leaf Energy Budgets: Effects of Radiation and Temperature
• 4A. The Plant's Energy Balance
• 1.      Introduction
• 2.      Energy Inputs and Outputs
• 2.1 Short Overview of a Leaf's Energy Balance
• 2.2 Short-Wave Solar Radiation
• 2.3 Long-Wave Terrestrial Radiation
• 2.4 Convective Heat Transfer
• 2.5 Evaporative Energy Exchange
• 2.6 Metabolic Heat Generation
• 3. Modeling the Effect of Components of the Energy Balance on Leaf Temperature
• 4. A Summary of Hot and Cool Topics
• References
• 4B. Effects of Radiation and Temperature
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Radiation
• 2.1 Effects of Excess Irradiance
• 2.2 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation
• 2.2.1 Damage by UV
• 2.2.2 Protection Against UV: Repair or Prevention
• 3. Effects of Extreme Temperatures
• 3.1 How Do Plants Avoid Damage by Free Radicals at Low Temperature?
• 3.2 Heat-Shock Proteins
• 3.3 Are Isoprene and Monoterpene Emissions an Adaptation to High Temperatures?
• 3.4 Chilling Injury and Chilling Tolerance
• 3.5 Carbohydrates and Proteins Conferring Frost Tolerance
• 4. Global Change and Future Crops
• References
• 5 Scaling-Up Gas Exchange and Energy Balance from the Leaf to the Canopy Level
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Canopy Water Use
• 3. Canopy CO2 Fluxes
• 4. Canopy Water-Use Efficiency
• 5. Canopy Effects on Microclimate: A Case Study
• 6. Aiming for a Higher Level
• References
• 6 Mineral Nutrition
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Acquisition of Nutrients
• 2.1 Nutrients in the Soil
• 2.1.1 Nutrient Availability as Dependent on Soil Age
• 2.1.2 Nutrient Supply Rate
• 2.1.3 Nutrient Movement to the Root Surface
• 2.2 Root Traits That Determine Nutrient Acquisition
• 2.2.1 Increasing the Roots'Absorptive Surface
• 2.2.2 Transport Proteins: Ion Channels and Carriers
• 2.2.3 Acclimation and Adaptation of Uptake Kinetics
• 2.2.3.1 Response to Nutrient Supply
• 2.2.3.2 Response to Nutrient Demand
• 2.2.3.3 Response to Other Environmental and Biotic Factors
• 2.2.4 Acquisition of Nitrogen
• 2.2.5 Acquisition of Phosphorus
• 2.2.5.1 Plants Can Also Use Some Organic Phosphate Compounds
• 2.2.5.2 Excretion of Phosphate-Solubilizing Compounds
• 2.2.6 Changing the Chemistry in the Rhizosphere
• 2.2.6.1 Changing the Rhizosphere pH
• 2.2.6.2 Excretion of Organic Chelates
• 2.2.7 Rhizosphere Mineralization
• 2.2.8 Root Proliferation in Nutrient-Rich Patches: Is It Adaptive?
• 2.3 Sensitivity Analysis of Parameters Involved in Phosphate Acquisition
• 3. Nutrient Acquisition from "Toxic" or "Extreme" Soils
• 3.1 Acid Soils
• 3.1.1 Aluminum Toxicity
• 3.1.2 Alleviation of the Toxicity Symptoms by Soil Amendment
• 3.1.3 Aluminum Resistance
• 3.2 Calcareous Soils
• 3.3 Soils with High Levels of Heavy Metals
• 3.3.1 Why Are the Concentrations of Heavy Metals in Soil High?
• 3.3.2 Using Plants to Clean or Extract Polluted Water and Soil: Phytoremediation and Phytomining
• 3.3.3 Why Are Heavy Metals So Toxic to Plants?
• 3.3.4 Heavy-Metal-Resistant Plants
• 3.3.5 Biomass Production of Sensitive and Resistant Plants
• 3.4 Saline Soils: An Ever-Increasing Problem in Agriculture
• 3.4.1 Glycophytes and Halophytes
• 3.4.2 Energy-Dependent Salt Exclusion from Roots
• 3.4.3 Energy-Dependent Salt Exclusion from the Xylem
• 3.4.4 Transport of Na+ from the Leaves to the Roots and Excretion via Salt Glands
• 3.4.5 Compartmentation of Salt Within the Cell and Accumulation of Compatible Solutes
• 3.5 Flooded Soils
• 4. Plant Nutrient-Use Efficiency
• 4.1 Variation in Nutrient Concentration
• 4.1.1 Tissue Nutrient Concentration
• 4.1.2 Tissue Nutrient Requirement
• 4.2 Nutrient Productivity and Mean Residence Time
• 4.2.1 Nutrient Productivity
• 4.2.2 The Mean Residence Time of Nutrients in the Plant
• 4.3 Nutrient Loss from Plants
• 4.3.1 Leaching Loss
• 4.3.2 Nutrient Loss by Senescence
• 4.4 Ecosystem Nutrient-Use Efficiency
• 5. Mineral Nutrition: A Vast Array of Adaptations and Acclimations
• References
• 7 Growth and Allocation
• 1. Introduction: What Is Growth?
• 2. Growth of Whole Plants and Individual Organs
• 2.1 Growth of Whole Plants
• 2.1.2 Plants with High Nutrient Concentrations Can Grow Faster
• 2.2 Growth of Cells
• 2.2.1 Cell Division and Cell Expansion: The Lockhart Equation
• 2.2.2 Cell-Wall Acidification and Removal of Calcium Reduce Cell-Wall Rigidity
• 2.2.3 Cell Expansion in Meristems Is Controlled by Cell-Wall Extensibility and Not by Turgor
• 2.2.4 The Physical and Biochemical Basis of Yield Threshold and Cell-Wall Yield Coefficient
• 2.2.5 The Importance ofMeristem Size
• 3. The Physiological Basis of Variation in RGR-Plants Grown with Free Access to Nutrients
• 3.1 SLA Is a Major Factor Associated with Variation in RGR
• 3.2 Leaf Thickness and Leaf Mass Density
• 3.3 Anatomical and Chemical Differences Associated with Leaf Mass Density
• 3.4 Net Assimilation Rate, Photosynthesis, and Respiration
• 3.5 RGR and the Rate of Leaf Elongation and Leaf Appearance
• 3.6 RGR and Activities per Unit Mass
• 3.7 RGR and Suites of Plant Traits
• 4. Allocation to Storage
• 4.1 The Concept of Storage
• 4.2 Chemical Forms of Stores
• 4.3 Storage and Remobilization in Annuals
• 4.4 The Storage Strategy of Biennials
• 4.5 Storage in Perennials
• 4.6 Costs of Growth and Storage: Optimization
• 5. Environmental Influences
• 5.1 Growth as Affected by Irradiance
• 5.1.1 Growth in Shade
• 5.1.1.1 Effects on Growth Rate, Net Assimilation Rate, and Specific Leaf Area
• 5.1.1.2 Adaptations to Shade
• 5.1.1.3 Stem and Petiole Elongation: The Search for Light
• 5.1.1.4 The Role of Phytochrome
• 5.1.1.5 Phytochrome and Cryptochrome: Effects on Cell-Wall Elasticity Parameters
• 5.1.1.6 Effects of Total Level of Irradiance
• 5.1.2 Effects of the Photoperiod
• 5.2 Growth as Affected by Temperature
• 5.2.1 Effects of Low Temperature on Root Functioning
• 5.2.2 Changes in the Allocation Pattern
• 5.3 Growth as Affected by Soil Water Potential and Salinity
• 5.3.1 Do Roots Sense Dry Soil and Then Send Signals to the Leaves?
• 5.3.2 ABA and Leaf Cell-Wall Stiffening
• 5.3.3 Effects on Root Elongation
• 5.3.4 A Hypothetical Model That Accounts for Effects of Water Stress on Biomass Allocation
• 5.4 Growth at a Limiting Nutrient Supply Plants allocate relatively less biomass to leaves and more to their roots when N or P is in short supply
• 5.4.1 Cycling of Nitrogen Between Roots and Leaves
• 5.4.2 Hormonal Signals That Travel via the Xylem to the Leaves
• 5.4.3 Signals That Travel from the Leaves to the Roots
• 5.4.4 Integrating Signals from the Leaves and the Roots
• 5.4.5 Effects of Nitrogen Supply on Leaf Anatomy and Chemistry
• 5.4.6 Nitrogen Allocation to Different Leaves, as Dependent on Incident Irradiance
• 5.5 Plant Growth as Affected by Soil Compaction
• 5.5.1 Effects on Biomass Allocation: Is ABA Involved?
• 5.5.2 Changes in Root Length and Diameter: A Modification of the Lockhart Equation
• 5.6 Growth as Affected by Soil Flooding
• 5.6.1 The Pivotal Role of Ethylene
• 5.6.2 Effects on Water Uptake and Leaf Growth
• 5.6.3 Effects on Adventitious Root Formation
• 5.7 Growth as Affected by Submergence
• 5.7.1 Gas Exchange
• 5.7.2 Perception of Submergence and Regulation of Shoot Elongation
• 5.8 Growth as Affected by Touch and Wind
• 5.9 Growth as Affected by Elevated Concentrations of CO2 in the Atmosphere
• 6. Adaptations Associated with Inherent Variation in Growth Rate
• 6.1 Fast- and Slow-Growing Species
• 6.2 Growth of Inherently Fast- and Slow-Growing Species Under Resource-Limited Conditions
• 6.3 Are There Ecological Advantages Associated with a High or Low RGR?
• 6.3.1 Various Hypotheses
• 6.3.2 Selection on RGRmax Itself, or on Traits That Are Associated with RGRmax?
• 6.3.3 An Appraisal ofPlant Distribution Requires Information on Ecophysiology
• 7. Growth and Allocation: The Messages About Plant Messages
• References
• 8 Life Cycles: Environmental Influences and Adaptations
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Seed Dormancy and Germination
• 2.1 Hard Seed Coats
• 2.2 Germination Inhibitors in the Seed
• 2.3 Effects of Nitrate
• 2.4 Other External Chemical Signals
• 2.5 Effects of Light
• 2.6 Effects of Temperature
• 2.7 Physiological Aspects of Dormancy
• 2.8 Summary of Ecological Aspects of Seed Germination and Dormancy
• 3. Developmental Phases
• 3.1 Seedling Phase
• 3.2 Juvenile Phase
• 3.2.1 Delayed Flowering in Biennials
• 3.2.2 Juvenile and Adult Traits
• 3.2.3 Vegetative Reproduction
• 3.2.4 Delayed Greening During Leaf Development in Tropical Trees
• 3.3 Reproductive Phase
• 3.3.1 Timing by Sensing Daylength: Long-Day and Short-Day Plants
• 3.3.2 Do Plants Sense the Difference Between a Certain Daylength in Spring and Autumn?
• 3.3.3 Timing by Sensing Temperature: Vernalization
• 3.3.4 Effects of Temperature on Plant Development
• 3.3.5 Attracting Pollinators
• 3.3.6 The Cost of Flowering
• 3.4 Fruiting
• 3.5 Senescence
• 4. Seed Dispersal
• 4.1 Dispersal Mechanisms
• 4.2 Life-History Correlates
• 5. The Message to Disperse: Perception, Transduction, and Response
• References
• 9 Biotic Influences
• 9A. Symbiotic Associations
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Mycorrhizas
• 2.1 Mycorrhizal Structures: Are They Beneficial for Plant Growth?
• 2.1.1 The Infection Process
• 2.1.2 Mycorrhizal Responsiveness
• 2.2 Nonmycorrhizal Species and Their Interactions with Mycorrhizal Species
• 2.3 Phosphate Relations
• 2.3.1 Mechanisms That Account for Enhanced Phosphate Absorption by Mycorrhizal Plants
• 2.3.2 Suppression of Colonization at High Phosphate Availability
• 2.4 Effects on Nitrogen Nutrition
• 2.5 Effects on the Acquisition of Water
• 2.6 Carbon Costs of the Mycorrhizal Symbiosis
• 2.7 Agricultural and Ecological Perspectives
• 3. Associations with Nitrogen- Fixing Organisms
• 3.1 Symbiotic N2Fixation Is Restricted to a Fairly Limited Number of Plant Species
• 3.2    Host-Guest Specificity in the Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis
• 3.3    The Infection Process in the Legume-Rhizobium Association
• 3.3.1 The Role of Flavonoids
• 3.3.2 Rhizobial nod Genes
• 3.3.3 Entry of the Bacteria
• 3.3.4 Final Stages of the Establishment of the Symbiosis
• 3.4 Nitrogenase Activity and Synthesis of Organic Nitrogen
• 3.5 Carbon and Energy Metabolism of the Nodules
• 3.6 Quantification of N2 Fixation In Situ
• 3.7 Ecological Aspects of the Nonsymbiotic Association with N2-Fixing Microorganisms
• 3.8 Carbon Costs of the Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis
• 3.9 Suppression of the Legume-Rhizobium Symbiosis at Low pH and in the Presence of a Large Supply of Combined Nitrogen
• 4. Endosymbionts
• 5. Plant Life Among Microsymbionts
• References
• 9B. Ecological Biochemistry: Allelopathy and Defense Against Herbivores
• 1.      Introduction
• 2.      Allelopathy (Interference Competition)
• 3. Chemical Defense Mechanisms
• 3.1 Defense Against Herbivores
• 3.2 Qualitative and Quantitative Defense Compounds
• 3.3 The Arms Race of Plants and Herbivores
• 3.4 How Do Plants Avoid Being Killed by Their Own Poisons?
• 3.5 Secondary Metabolites for Medicines and Crop Protection
• 4. Environmental Effects on the Production of Secondary Plant Metabolites
• 4.1 Abiotic Factors
• 4.2 Induced Defense and Communication Between Neighboring Plants
• 5. The Costs of Chemical Defense
• 5.1 Diversion of Resources from Primary Growth
• 5.2 Strategies of Predators
• 5.3 Mutualistic Associations with Ants and Mites
• 6. Detoxification of Xenobiotics by Plants: Phytoremediation
• 7. Secondary Chemicals and Messages That Emerge from This Chapter
• References
• 9C. Effects of Microbial Pathogens
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Constitutive Antimicrobial Defense Compounds
• 3. The Plant's Response to Attack by Microorganisms
• 4. Cross-Talk Between Induced Systemic Resistance and Defense Against Herbivores
• 5. Messages from One Organism to Another
• References
• 9D. Parasitic Associations
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Growth and Development
• 2.1 Seed Germination
• 2.2 Haustoria Formation
• 2.3 Effects of the Parasite on Host Development
• 3. Water Relations and Mineral Nutrition
• 4. Carbon Relations
• 5. What Can We Extract from This Chapter?
• References
• 9E. Interactions Among Plants
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Theories of Competitive Mechanisms
• 3. How Do Plants Perceive the Presence of Neighbors?
• 4. Relationship of Plant Traits to Competitive Ability
• 4.1 Growth Rate and Tissue Turnover
• 4.2 Allocation Pattern, Growth Form, and Tissue Mass Density
• 4.3 Plasticity
• 5. Traits Associated with Competition for Specific Resources
• 5.1 Nutrients
• 5.2 Water
• 5.3    Light
• 5.4    Carbon Dioxide
• 6. Positive Interactions Among Plants
• 6.1    Physical Benefits
• 6.2    Nutritional Benefits
• 6.3 Allelochemical Benefits
• 7. Plant-Microbial Symbiosis
• 8. Succession
• 9. What Do We Gain from This Chapter?
• References
• 9F. Carnivory
• 1.      Introduction
• 2.      Structures Associated with the Catching of the Prey and Subsequent Withdrawal of Nutrients from the Prey
• 3. Some Case Studies
• 3.1 Dionaea Muscipula
• 3.2 The Suction Traps of Utricularia
• 3.3 The Tentacles of Drosera
• 3.4 Pitchers of Sarracenia
• 3.5 Passive Traps of Genlisea
• 4. The Message to Catch
• References
• 10 Role in Ecosystem and Global Processes
• 10A. Decomposition
• 1. Introduction
• 2. Litter Quality and Decomposition Rate
• 2.1 Species Effects on Litter Quality: Links with Ecological Strategy
• 2.2 Environmental Effects on Decomposition
• 3. The Link Between Decomposition Rate and Nutrient Supply
• 3.1 The Process of Nutrient Release
• 3.2 Effects of Litter Quality on Mineralization
• 3.3 Root Exudation and Rhizosphere Effects
• 4. The End Product of Decomposition
• References
• 10B. Ecosystem and Global Processes: Ecophysiological Controls
• 1.      Introduction
• 2.      Ecosystem Biomass and Production
• 2.1 Scaling from Plants to Ecosystems
• 2.2 Physiological Basis of Productivity
• 2.3 Disturbance and Succession
• 2.4 Photosynthesis and Absorbed Radiation
• 2.5 Net Carbon Balance of Ecosystems
• 2.6 The Global Carbon Cycle
• 3. Nutrient Cycling
• 3.1 Vegetation Controls over Nutrient Uptake and Loss
• 3.2 Vegetation Controls over Mineralization
• 4. Ecosystem Energy Exchange and the Hydrologic Cycle
• 4.1 Vegetation Effects on Energy Exchange 4.1.1 Albedo
• 4.1.2 Surface Roughness and Energy Partitioning
• 4.2 Vegetation Effects on the Hydrologic Cycle
• 4.2.1 Evapotranspiration and Runoff
• 4.2.2 Feedbacks to Climate
• 5. Moving to a Higher Level: Scaling from Physiology to the Globe
• References
• Glossary
• Index

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