Craig P.J - Organometallic Compounds in the Environment

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• ANNOTATION
• CONTENTS
• CONTRIBUTORS
• PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
• EDITOR'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
• 1.1 SCOPE OF THIS WORK
• 1.2 GENERAL APPROACH: SPECIATION, CONCENTRATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
• 1.3 TYPES OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND
• 1.4 THERMODYNAMIC STABILITIES OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS
• 1.5 KINETIC STABILITY OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS
• 1.6 STABILITY OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS TO ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION
• 1.7 STABILITY OF ORGANOMETALLICS TO WATER
• 1.8 STABILITY OF ORGANOMETALLICS TO LIGHT AND ATMOSPHERIC REAGENTS
• 1.9 COORDINATION PREFERENCES OF ORGANOMETALLIC SPECIES IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 1.10 STABILITY OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
• 1.11 GENERAL COMMENTS ON THE TOXICITIES OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS
• 1.12 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL REACTIVITY OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS
• 1.13 MICROBIAL BIOTRANSFORMATION OF METALS AND METALLOIDS
• 1.13.1 INTRODUCTION
• 1.13.2 REDUCTION AND OXIDATION
• 1.14 CORRELATION OF QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS WITH ORGANOTIN MOLECULAR TOPOLOGY AND BIOACTIVITY
• 1.14.1 APPLICATION OF TOTAL SURFACE AREA (TSA) AS A PREDICATOR FOR ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS
• 1.15 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
• 1.16 REFERENCES
• 2 Organomercury Compounds in the Environment
• 2.1 INTRODUCTION
• 2.2 HUMAN HEALTH CONCERNS RELATED TO METHYLMERCURY
• 2.3 TOXICITY AND WILDLIFE
• 2.5 METHYLMERCURY CYCLING AT THE EARTH'S SURFACE
• 2.5.1 METHYLMERCURY IN WATER
• 2.5.2 METHYLATED MERCURY IN THE ATMOSPHERE
• 2.6 METHYLMERCURY PRODUCTION, DECOMPOSITION, AND BIOACCUMULATION
• 2.6.1 PATHWAYS OF MERCURY METHYLATION
• 2.6.2 PATHWAYS OF MMHG DEMETHYLATION
• 2.6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT MMHg PRODUCTION
• 2.7 REFERENCES
• 3 Organotin Compounds in the Environment
• 3.1 INTRODUCTION
• 3.2 USE OF TBT IN ANTIFOULING PREPARATIONS
• 3.3 LEGISLATION ON TBT
• 3.4 DISTRIBUTION IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 3.5 BIOMETHYLATION
• 3.6 OVERVIEW OF DECAY RATES OF TBT AND OTHER ORGANOTINS IN WATER AND SEDIMENTS
• 3.7 METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ORGANOTIN SPECIATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 3.7.1 SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS
• 3.7.2 ANALYTICAL METHODS BASED ON GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
• 3.7.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS BASED ON LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
• 3.7.4 ANALYTICAL METHODS BASED ON OTHER TECHNIQUES
• 3.7.5 CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES
• 3.7.6 CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS
• 3.8 GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS
• 3.8.1 HUMAN TOXICOLOGY
• 3.8.2 BIOACCUMULATION
• 3.8.3 NEUROTOXICITY
• 3.8.4 HEPATOTOXICITY
• 3.8.5 HAEMOLYSIS
• 3.8.6 IMMUNOTOXICITY
• 3.8.7 MUTAGENICITY/GENOTOXICITY
• 3.8.8 CARCINOGENICITY
• 3.8.9 STERILITY
• 3.8.10 EMBRYOTOXICITY
• 3.8.11 MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY
• 3.9 REFERENCES
• 4 Organolead Compounds in the Environment
• 4.1 INTRODUCTION
• 4.2 TETRAALKYLLEAD IN GASOLINE
• 4.3 LEADED GASOLINE PHASEOUT [24]
• 4.4 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ORGANOLEAD COMPOUNDS
• 4.5 OCCURRENCE IN NATURE
• 4.5.1 AIR
• 4.5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL WATERS
• 4.5.3 SEDIMENT AND SOIL
• 4.6 ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS
• 4.6.1 SOURCE OF TALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 4.6.2 DECOMPOSITION IN THE ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
• 4.6.3 DECOMPOSITION IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
• 4.6.4 DECOMPOSITION IN THE SOIL
• 4.6.5 METABOLISM IN ORGANISMS
• 4.6.6 NATURAL ALKYLATION OF LEAD COMPOUNDS
• 4.7    TOXICITY TO ORGANISMS
• 4.7.1 TOXICITY TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS
• 4.7.2 TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS
• 4.7.3 TOXICITY TO EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND HUMANS
• 4.7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ASPECTS
• 4.8 CONCLUSIONS
• 4.9 REFERENCES
• 5 Organoarsenic Compounds in the Marine Environment
• 5.1 ARSENIC CONCENTRATIONS IN SEA WATER, MARINE ALGAE AND MARINE ANIMALS
• 5.2 CHEMICAL FORMS OF ARSENIC IN MARINE ALGAE AND MARINE ANIMALS
• 5.2.1 INTRODUCTION
• 5.2.2 BIOSYNTHESIS OF ARSENOSUGARS
• 5.2.3 BIOSYNTHESIS OF ARSENOBETAINE: THE CONVERSION OF ARSENOSUGARS
• 5.2.4 AN ALTERNATIVE SCHEME FOR THE FORMATION OF ARSENOBETAINE
• 5.3 OTHER ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS FROM MARINE ANIMALS
• 5.4 THE MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF MARINE ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS
• 5.5 ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR DETERMINING ARSENIC COMPOUNDS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
• 5.6 ADVANTAGES OF ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION MS OVER ICPMS
• 5.7 REFERENCES
• 6 Organoarsenic Compounds in the Terrestrial Environment
• 6.1 INTRODUCTION
• 6.2 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS
• 6.3 ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
• 6.3.1 WATER
• 6.3.2 SOIL AND SEDIMENTS
• 6.3.3 MICROORGANISMS
• 6.3.4 FRESHWATER ALGAE
• 6.3.5 HIGHER FUNGI
• 6.3.6 LICHENS
• 6.3.7 GREEN PLANTS
• 6.4 PRESENCE AND TRANSFORMATION OF ARSENIC SPECIES IN ANIMALS
• 6.4.1 NON-MAMMALS
• 6.4.2 MAMMALS
• 6.5 PRESENCE AND TRANSFORMATION OF ARSENIC SPECIES IN HUMANS
• 6.6 THE METABOLISM OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS IN FRESHWATER FOOD CHAINS
• 6.7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
• 6.8 REFERENCES
• 7 Organoantimony Compounds in the Environment
• 7.1 INTRODUCTION
• 7.2 CHEMISTRY
• 7.2.1 TERMINOLOGY
• 7.2.2 SYNTHESIS OF METHYLANTIMONY SPECIES
• 7.2.3 STABILITY OF TRIMETHYLSTIBINE
• 7.3 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
• 7.4 TOXICOLOGY OF ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
• 7.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANTIMONY SPECIATION
• 7.5.1 INTRODUCTION
• 7.5.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND STORAGE
• 7.5.3 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
• 7.5.4 LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
• 7.5.5 MASS SPECTROMETRY
• 7.6 INORGANIC ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 7.7 ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 7.7.1 VOLATILE ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
• 7.7.2 ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS IN WATERS AND SEDIMENT
• 7.7.3 ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS IN SOIL
• 7.8 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
• 7.8.1 INTRODUCTION
• 7.8.2 ANTIMONY, MICROORGANISMS AND SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
• 7.8.3 PRODUCTION OF TRIMETHYLSTIBINE BY MIXED ANAEROBIC CULTURES
• 7.8.4 MICROBIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS BY AEROBIC CULTURES
• 7.8.5 MICROBIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS BY ANEROBIC BACTERIA
• 7.8.6 THE MECHANISM OF ANTIMONY BIOMETHYLATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF SOLUBLE ORGANOANTIMONY SPECIES
• 7.9 ANTIMONY AND ALGAE
• 7.10 ANTIMONY METABOLISM IN MAMMALS
• 7.11 CONCLUSIONS/FUTURE DIRECTIONS
• 7.12 REFERENCES
• 8 Organosilicon Compounds in the Environment
• 8.1 INTRODUCTION
• 8.1.1 POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANES (PDMS)
• 8.1.2 VOLATILE METHYLSILOXANES (VMS)
• 8.1.3 SILANOLS
• 8.2 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES
• 8.2.2 ANALYSIS OF VMS AND SILANOLS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY GC TECHNIQUES
• 8.2.3 ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY HPLC TECHNIQUES
• 8.2.4 ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES
• 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS AND PROCESSES
• 8.3.1 PDMS IN SOIL, SEDIMENT AND WASTE
• 8.3.2 VMS IN AIR, SOIL, SEDIMENT AND WASTE
• 8.3.3 PERSISTENCE OF SILICONES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: PDMS
• 8.3.4 PERSISTENCE OF SILICONES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: VMS
• 8.3.5 PERSISTENCE OF SILICONES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: SILANOLS
• 8.3.6 TRANSFER OF ALKYL GROUPS TO OTHER SPECIES
• 8.4 INTERACTIONS WITH ORGANISMS
• 8.4.1 COLONIZATION, DEGRADATION AND TRANSPORT OF SILICONES IN ORGANISMS
• 8.4.2 TOXICOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY OF SILICONES
• 8.4.3 SILICONE BREAST IMPLANTS
• 8.4.4 SILICON AND SILICONES IN BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES
• 8.5 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
• 8.6 REFERENCES
• 9 Other Organometallic Compounds in the Environment
• 9.1 ORGANOBISMUTH COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.1.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
• 9.1.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
• 9.1.3 TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANOBISMUTH COMPOUNDS
• 9.1.4 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOBISMUTH STANDARDS
• 9.1.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL BISMUTH SPECIATION
• 9.1.6 OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.1.7 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOBISMUTH COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
• 9.2 ORGANOTHALLIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.2.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
• 9.2.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
• 9.2.3 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOTHALLIUM STANDARDS
• 9.2.4 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL THALLIUM SPECIATION
• 9.2.5 OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.2.6 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOTHALLIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
• 9.3 ORGANOCADMIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.3.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
• 9.3.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
• 9.3.3 TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANOCADMIUM COMPOUNDS
• 9.3.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CADMIUM SPECIATION
• 9.3.6 OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.3.7 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOCADMIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
• 9.4 ORGANOTELLURIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.4.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
• 9.4.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
• 9.4.3 TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANOTELLURIUM COMPOUNDS
• 9.4.4 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOTELLURIUM STANDARDS
• 9.4.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TELLURIUM SPECIATION
• 9.4.6 OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.4.7 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOTELLURIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
• 9.5 ORGANOMANGANESE COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.5.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
• 9.5.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
• 9.5.3 TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANOMANGANESE COMPOUNDS
• 9.5.4 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOMANGANESE COMPOUNDS
• 9.5.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ORGANOMANGANESE COMPOUNDS
• 9.5.6 OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.6 ORGANOGERMANIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.6.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
• 9.6.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
• 9.6.3 TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANOGERMANIUM COMPOUNDS
• 9.6.4 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOGERMANIUM STANDARDS
• 9.6.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL GERMANIUM SPECIATION
• 9.6.6 OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.6.7 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOGERMANIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
• 9.7 ORGANOCOBALT COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.7.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
• 9.7.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
• 9.7.3 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOCOBALT STANDARDS
• 9.7.4 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COBALT SPECIATION
• 9.7.5 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOCOBALT COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
• 9.8 ORGANOPOLONIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
• 9.9 CARBONYL COMPLEX FORMING TRANSITION METALS
• 9.10 REFERENCES
• 10 Organoselenium Compounds in the Environment
• 10.1 INTRODUCTION
• 10.2 USES AND DISTRIBUTION
• 10.3 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
• 10.4 OCCURRENCE
• 10.4.1 FOOD PLANTS AND OTHER ORGANISMS
• 10.4.2 BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES
• 10.4.3 ENVIRONMENT
• 10.5 TOXICITY
• 10.6 REFERENCES
• INDEX

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