Craig P.J - Organometallic Compounds in the Environment
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- ANNOTATION
- CONTENTS
- CONTRIBUTORS
- PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
- EDITOR'S ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- 1.1 SCOPE OF THIS WORK
- 1.2 GENERAL APPROACH: SPECIATION, CONCENTRATIONS AND TERMINOLOGY
- 1.3 TYPES OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUND
- 1.4 THERMODYNAMIC STABILITIES OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS
- 1.5 KINETIC STABILITY OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS
- 1.6 STABILITY OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS TO ATMOSPHERIC OXIDATION
- 1.7 STABILITY OF ORGANOMETALLICS TO WATER
- 1.8 STABILITY OF ORGANOMETALLICS TO LIGHT AND ATMOSPHERIC REAGENTS
- 1.9 COORDINATION PREFERENCES OF ORGANOMETALLIC SPECIES IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 1.10 STABILITY OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS
- 1.11 GENERAL COMMENTS ON THE TOXICITIES OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS
- 1.12 GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS ON ENVIRONMENTAL REACTIVITY OF ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS
- 1.13 MICROBIAL BIOTRANSFORMATION OF METALS AND METALLOIDS
- 1.13.1 INTRODUCTION
- 1.13.2 REDUCTION AND OXIDATION
- 1.14 CORRELATION OF QUANTITATIVE STRUCTURE-ACTIVITY RELATIONSHIPS WITH ORGANOTIN MOLECULAR TOPOLOGY AND BIOACTIVITY
- 1.14.1 APPLICATION OF TOTAL SURFACE AREA (TSA) AS A PREDICATOR FOR ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS
- 1.15 PRACTICAL CONSIDERATIONS
- 1.16 REFERENCES
- 2 Organomercury Compounds in the Environment
- 2.1 INTRODUCTION
- 2.2 HUMAN HEALTH CONCERNS RELATED TO METHYLMERCURY
- 2.3 TOXICITY AND WILDLIFE
- 2.5 METHYLMERCURY CYCLING AT THE EARTH'S SURFACE
- 2.5.1 METHYLMERCURY IN WATER
- 2.5.2 METHYLATED MERCURY IN THE ATMOSPHERE
- 2.6 METHYLMERCURY PRODUCTION, DECOMPOSITION, AND BIOACCUMULATION
- 2.6.1 PATHWAYS OF MERCURY METHYLATION
- 2.6.2 PATHWAYS OF MMHG DEMETHYLATION
- 2.6.3 ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS THAT AFFECT MMHg PRODUCTION
- 2.7 REFERENCES
- 3 Organotin Compounds in the Environment
- 3.1 INTRODUCTION
- 3.2 USE OF TBT IN ANTIFOULING PREPARATIONS
- 3.3 LEGISLATION ON TBT
- 3.4 DISTRIBUTION IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 3.5 BIOMETHYLATION
- 3.6 OVERVIEW OF DECAY RATES OF TBT AND OTHER ORGANOTINS IN WATER AND SEDIMENTS
- 3.7 METHODS FOR THE ANALYSIS OF ORGANOTIN SPECIATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 3.7.1 SAMPLE PREPARATION METHODS
- 3.7.2 ANALYTICAL METHODS BASED ON GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
- 3.7.3 ANALYTICAL METHODS BASED ON LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
- 3.7.4 ANALYTICAL METHODS BASED ON OTHER TECHNIQUES
- 3.7.5 CALIBRATION TECHNIQUES
- 3.7.6 CERTIFIED REFERENCE MATERIALS
- 3.8 GENERAL TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANOTIN COMPOUNDS
- 3.8.1 HUMAN TOXICOLOGY
- 3.8.2 BIOACCUMULATION
- 3.8.3 NEUROTOXICITY
- 3.8.4 HEPATOTOXICITY
- 3.8.5 HAEMOLYSIS
- 3.8.6 IMMUNOTOXICITY
- 3.8.7 MUTAGENICITY/GENOTOXICITY
- 3.8.8 CARCINOGENICITY
- 3.8.9 STERILITY
- 3.8.10 EMBRYOTOXICITY
- 3.8.11 MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY
- 3.9 REFERENCES
- 4 Organolead Compounds in the Environment
- 4.1 INTRODUCTION
- 4.2 TETRAALKYLLEAD IN GASOLINE
- 4.3 LEADED GASOLINE PHASEOUT [24]
- 4.4 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ORGANOLEAD COMPOUNDS
- 4.5 OCCURRENCE IN NATURE
- 4.5.1 AIR
- 4.5.2 ENVIRONMENTAL WATERS
- 4.5.3 SEDIMENT AND SOIL
- 4.6 ENVIRONMENTAL DYNAMICS
- 4.6.1 SOURCE OF TALS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 4.6.2 DECOMPOSITION IN THE ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT
- 4.6.3 DECOMPOSITION IN THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT
- 4.6.4 DECOMPOSITION IN THE SOIL
- 4.6.5 METABOLISM IN ORGANISMS
- 4.6.6 NATURAL ALKYLATION OF LEAD COMPOUNDS
- 4.7 TOXICITY TO ORGANISMS
- 4.7.1 TOXICITY TO AQUATIC ORGANISMS
- 4.7.2 TOXICITY TO TERRESTRIAL ORGANISMS
- 4.7.3 TOXICITY TO EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS AND HUMANS
- 4.7.4 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ASPECTS
- 4.8 CONCLUSIONS
- 4.9 REFERENCES
- 5 Organoarsenic Compounds in the Marine Environment
- 5.1 ARSENIC CONCENTRATIONS IN SEA WATER, MARINE ALGAE AND MARINE ANIMALS
- 5.2 CHEMICAL FORMS OF ARSENIC IN MARINE ALGAE AND MARINE ANIMALS
- 5.2.1 INTRODUCTION
- 5.2.2 BIOSYNTHESIS OF ARSENOSUGARS
- 5.2.3 BIOSYNTHESIS OF ARSENOBETAINE: THE CONVERSION OF ARSENOSUGARS
- 5.2.4 AN ALTERNATIVE SCHEME FOR THE FORMATION OF ARSENOBETAINE
- 5.3 OTHER ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS FROM MARINE ANIMALS
- 5.4 THE MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF MARINE ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS
- 5.5 ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY FOR DETERMINING ARSENIC COMPOUNDS IN MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES
- 5.6 ADVANTAGES OF ELECTROSPRAY IONIZATION MS OVER ICPMS
- 5.7 REFERENCES
- 6 Organoarsenic Compounds in the Terrestrial Environment
- 6.1 INTRODUCTION
- 6.2 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR THE IDENTIFICATION AND QUANTIFICATION OF ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS
- 6.3 ORGANOARSENIC COMPOUNDS PRESENT IN THE TERRESTRIAL ENVIRONMENT
- 6.3.1 WATER
- 6.3.2 SOIL AND SEDIMENTS
- 6.3.3 MICROORGANISMS
- 6.3.4 FRESHWATER ALGAE
- 6.3.5 HIGHER FUNGI
- 6.3.6 LICHENS
- 6.3.7 GREEN PLANTS
- 6.4 PRESENCE AND TRANSFORMATION OF ARSENIC SPECIES IN ANIMALS
- 6.4.1 NON-MAMMALS
- 6.4.2 MAMMALS
- 6.5 PRESENCE AND TRANSFORMATION OF ARSENIC SPECIES IN HUMANS
- 6.6 THE METABOLISM OF ARSENIC COMPOUNDS IN FRESHWATER FOOD CHAINS
- 6.7 CONCLUSIONS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS
- 6.8 REFERENCES
- 7 Organoantimony Compounds in the Environment
- 7.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.2 CHEMISTRY
- 7.2.1 TERMINOLOGY
- 7.2.2 SYNTHESIS OF METHYLANTIMONY SPECIES
- 7.2.3 STABILITY OF TRIMETHYLSTIBINE
- 7.3 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION OF ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
- 7.4 TOXICOLOGY OF ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
- 7.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL ANTIMONY SPECIATION
- 7.5.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.5.2 SAMPLE PREPARATION AND STORAGE
- 7.5.3 GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
- 7.5.4 LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
- 7.5.5 MASS SPECTROMETRY
- 7.6 INORGANIC ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 7.7 ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 7.7.1 VOLATILE ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS
- 7.7.2 ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS IN WATERS AND SEDIMENT
- 7.7.3 ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS IN SOIL
- 7.8 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
- 7.8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 7.8.2 ANTIMONY, MICROORGANISMS AND SUDDEN INFANT DEATH SYNDROME
- 7.8.3 PRODUCTION OF TRIMETHYLSTIBINE BY MIXED ANAEROBIC CULTURES
- 7.8.4 MICROBIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS BY AEROBIC CULTURES
- 7.8.5 MICROBIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOANTIMONY COMPOUNDS BY ANEROBIC BACTERIA
- 7.8.6 THE MECHANISM OF ANTIMONY BIOMETHYLATION AND THE PRODUCTION OF SOLUBLE ORGANOANTIMONY SPECIES
- 7.9 ANTIMONY AND ALGAE
- 7.10 ANTIMONY METABOLISM IN MAMMALS
- 7.11 CONCLUSIONS/FUTURE DIRECTIONS
- 7.12 REFERENCES
- 8 Organosilicon Compounds in the Environment
- 8.1 INTRODUCTION
- 8.1.1 POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANES (PDMS)
- 8.1.2 VOLATILE METHYLSILOXANES (VMS)
- 8.1.3 SILANOLS
- 8.2 ANALYTICAL PROCEDURES AND TECHNIQUES
- 8.2.2 ANALYSIS OF VMS AND SILANOLS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY GC TECHNIQUES
- 8.2.3 ANALYSIS OF ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES BY HPLC TECHNIQUES
- 8.2.4 ANALYSIS OF BIOLOGICAL SAMPLES
- 8.3 ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS AND PROCESSES
- 8.3.1 PDMS IN SOIL, SEDIMENT AND WASTE
- 8.3.2 VMS IN AIR, SOIL, SEDIMENT AND WASTE
- 8.3.3 PERSISTENCE OF SILICONES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: PDMS
- 8.3.4 PERSISTENCE OF SILICONES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: VMS
- 8.3.5 PERSISTENCE OF SILICONES IN THE ENVIRONMENT: SILANOLS
- 8.3.6 TRANSFER OF ALKYL GROUPS TO OTHER SPECIES
- 8.4 INTERACTIONS WITH ORGANISMS
- 8.4.1 COLONIZATION, DEGRADATION AND TRANSPORT OF SILICONES IN ORGANISMS
- 8.4.2 TOXICOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY OF SILICONES
- 8.4.3 SILICONE BREAST IMPLANTS
- 8.4.4 SILICON AND SILICONES IN BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES
- 8.5 SUMMARY AND OUTLOOK
- 8.6 REFERENCES
- 9 Other Organometallic Compounds in the Environment
- 9.1 ORGANOBISMUTH COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.1.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
- 9.1.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
- 9.1.3 TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANOBISMUTH COMPOUNDS
- 9.1.4 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOBISMUTH STANDARDS
- 9.1.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL BISMUTH SPECIATION
- 9.1.6 OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.1.7 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOBISMUTH COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
- 9.2 ORGANOTHALLIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.2.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
- 9.2.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
- 9.2.3 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOTHALLIUM STANDARDS
- 9.2.4 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL THALLIUM SPECIATION
- 9.2.5 OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.2.6 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOTHALLIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
- 9.3 ORGANOCADMIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.3.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
- 9.3.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
- 9.3.3 TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANOCADMIUM COMPOUNDS
- 9.3.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL CADMIUM SPECIATION
- 9.3.6 OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.3.7 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOCADMIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
- 9.4 ORGANOTELLURIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.4.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
- 9.4.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
- 9.4.3 TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANOTELLURIUM COMPOUNDS
- 9.4.4 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOTELLURIUM STANDARDS
- 9.4.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL TELLURIUM SPECIATION
- 9.4.6 OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.4.7 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOTELLURIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
- 9.5 ORGANOMANGANESE COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.5.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
- 9.5.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
- 9.5.3 TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANOMANGANESE COMPOUNDS
- 9.5.4 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOMANGANESE COMPOUNDS
- 9.5.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ORGANOMANGANESE COMPOUNDS
- 9.5.6 OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.6 ORGANOGERMANIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.6.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
- 9.6.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
- 9.6.3 TOXICOLOGY OF ORGANOGERMANIUM COMPOUNDS
- 9.6.4 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOGERMANIUM STANDARDS
- 9.6.5 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL GERMANIUM SPECIATION
- 9.6.6 OCCURRENCE IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.6.7 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOGERMANIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
- 9.7 ORGANOCOBALT COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.7.1 INTRODUCTION AND TERMINOLOGY
- 9.7.2 USES AND ENVIRONMENTAL DISTRIBUTION
- 9.7.3 SYNTHESIS OF ORGANOCOBALT STANDARDS
- 9.7.4 ANALYTICAL METHODS FOR ENVIRONMENTAL COBALT SPECIATION
- 9.7.5 BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTION OF ORGANOCOBALT COMPOUNDS IN THE LABORATORY
- 9.8 ORGANOPOLONIUM COMPOUNDS IN THE ENVIRONMENT
- 9.9 CARBONYL COMPLEX FORMING TRANSITION METALS
- 9.10 REFERENCES
- 10 Organoselenium Compounds in the Environment
- 10.1 INTRODUCTION
- 10.2 USES AND DISTRIBUTION
- 10.3 ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
- 10.4 OCCURRENCE
- 10.4.1 FOOD PLANTS AND OTHER ORGANISMS
- 10.4.2 BODY FLUIDS AND TISSUES
- 10.4.3 ENVIRONMENT
- 10.5 TOXICITY
- 10.6 REFERENCES
- INDEX
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